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A list of all the posts and pages found on the site. For you robots out there is an XML version available for digesting as well.

Pages

Posts

Winning a game

1 minute read

What does it mean to win a game? Many people try to win every game. But at what cost, what was the point of winning?

Intelligence

less than 1 minute read

Are we intelligent? Will any intelligent person think themself of intelligent?

Entitlement

less than 1 minute read

Are we entitled to have something for sure? Are we even entitled to think about our entitlement?

Non-resistance

1 minute read

The dictionary meaning “the principles or practice of passive submission to constituted authority even when unjust or oppressive” doesn’t capture the eastern...

Leverage

1 minute read

Leverage is something you can use to get maximum advantage of something. It is a tool. For you to use a tool, first you have to understand the fundamental pr...

Person and perspective

less than 1 minute read

Is someone separate from their perspective? How can we disentangle these two?

Evaluated Experience

less than 1 minute read

It is a standard consensus that experience is the best teacher. How does just the experience can be the best teacher?

Catch up with status quo

1 minute read

What if you could get rid of the idea that you always need to catch-up with your peers status wise? What changes will you make in your life? What stops you f...

Conformist

1 minute read

If everything you believe is something that you are supposed to believe, what are the odds that it is really a coincidence?

Learning vs Education

1 minute read

Education is the industrial process of making people compliant. Command and control is the backbone of it. While learning is unleashing of a curious mind ag...

Pleasure vs happiness

less than 1 minute read

The former is about taking, whereas the latter is all about giving. One is short-lived and the other is long-lived.

First post

less than 1 minute read

Hello world, and everyone.

ai_agents

What are AI Agents?

17 minute read

“From Passive Tools to Active Assistants: The Cognitive Revolution in Software.”

Tool Calling Fundamentals

7 minute read

“Giving the Brain Hands to Act: The Interface Between Intelligence and Infrastructure.”

Multi-Step Reasoning

8 minute read

“Thinking Fast and Slow: How to make LLMs stop guessing and start solving.”

dsa

Two Sum

27 minute read

The hash table trick that makes O(n²) become O(n) and why this pattern appears everywhere from feature stores to embedding lookups.

Valid Parentheses

24 minute read

Why a simple stack solves bracket matching, expression parsing, and even neural network depth management in one elegant pattern.

Merge Two Sorted Lists

29 minute read

The pointer manipulation pattern that powers merge sort, data pipeline merging, and multi-source stream processing.

Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock

24 minute read

The single-pass pattern that powers streaming analytics, online algorithms, and real-time decision making in production systems.

Maximum Subarray (Kadane’s Algorithm)

23 minute read

Master the pattern behind online algorithms, streaming analytics, and dynamic programming, a single elegant idea powering countless production systems.

Climbing Stairs

25 minute read

The Fibonacci problem in disguise, teaching the fundamental transition from recursion to dynamic programming to space optimization.

Binary Tree Traversal

26 minute read

Master the fundamental patterns of tree traversal: the gateway to solving hundreds of tree problems in interviews.

Validate Binary Search Tree

23 minute read

Master BST validation to understand data integrity in tree structures, critical for indexing and search systems.

Binary Search

28 minute read

Master binary search to understand logarithmic algorithms and efficient searching, foundational for optimization and search systems.

Reverse Linked List

27 minute read

Master linked list manipulation through reversal - a fundamental pattern for understanding pointer logic and in-place algorithms.

LRU Cache

27 minute read

Master LRU cache design: O(1) get/put with hash map + doubly linked list. Critical for interviews and production caching systems.

Add Two Numbers

23 minute read

Master digit-by-digit addition with linked lists: Handle carry propagation elegantly. Classic problem teaching pointer manipulation and edge cases.

Container With Most Water

24 minute read

Master the two-pointer greedy technique that powers resource optimization in production ML systems.

Generate Parentheses

24 minute read

Master backtracking to generate all valid combinations—the foundation of ensemble model selection and multi-model systems.

Group Anagrams

24 minute read

Master hash-based grouping to solve anagrams—the foundation of clustering systems and speaker diarization in production ML.

Merge Intervals

21 minute read

Master interval processing to handle overlapping ranges—the foundation of event streams and temporal reasoning in production systems.

Add Two Numbers (Linked List)

13 minute read

Simulate arbitrary-precision addition on linked lists—the same sequential pattern used in large-scale distributed training and streaming pipelines.

Rotate Image

13 minute read

Master in-place matrix rotation—the same 2D transformation pattern that powers image and spectrogram augmentations in modern ML systems.

Spiral Matrix

13 minute read

Master systematic matrix traversal—the same pattern used for tracking experiments, processing logs, and managing state in ML systems.

Jump Game

24 minute read

Master greedy decision-making to determine reachability—the same adaptive strategy used in online learning and real-time speech systems.

Unique Paths

23 minute read

Master grid path counting with dynamic programming—the same optimization technique used in neural architecture search and speech model design.

Minimum Path Sum

21 minute read

The classic grid optimization problem that bridges the gap between simple recursion and 2D Dynamic Programming.

Decode Ways

16 minute read

A deceptive counting problem that teaches the fundamentals of state transitions and connects directly to Beam Search.

Word Break

20 minute read

The fundamental string segmentation problem that powers spell checkers, search engines, and tokenizers.

Word Ladder (BFS)

18 minute read

“Transforming ‘cold’ to ‘warm’ one letter at a time.”

Word Break

21 minute read

“Making sense of a stream of characters.”

Jump Game II

24 minute read

“Finding the optimal path through a sequence of choices.”

ml_system_design

Classification Pipeline Design

16 minute read

From raw data to production predictions: building a classification pipeline that handles millions of requests with 99.9% uptime.

A/B Testing Systems for ML

28 minute read

How to design experimentation platforms that enable rapid iteration while maintaining statistical rigor at scale.

Batch vs Real-Time Inference

23 minute read

How to choose between batch and real-time inference, the architectural decision that shapes your entire ML serving infrastructure.

Model Evaluation Metrics

24 minute read

How to measure if your ML model is actually good, choosing the right metrics is as important as building the model itself.

Feature Engineering at Scale

22 minute read

Feature engineering makes or breaks ML models, learn how to build scalable, production-ready feature pipelines that power real-world systems.

Model Serving Architecture

22 minute read

Design production-grade model serving systems that deliver predictions at scale with low latency and high reliability.

Online Learning Systems

24 minute read

Design systems that learn continuously from streaming data, adapting to changing patterns without full retraining.

Caching Strategies for ML Systems

27 minute read

Design efficient caching layers for ML systems to reduce latency, save compute costs, and improve user experience at scale.

Content Delivery Networks (CDN)

22 minute read

Design a global CDN for ML systems: Edge caching reduces latency from 500ms to 50ms. Critical for real-time predictions worldwide.

Distributed ML Systems

25 minute read

Design distributed ML systems that scale to billions of predictions: Master replication, sharding, consensus, and fault tolerance for production ML.

Resource Allocation for ML

28 minute read

Build production ML infrastructure that dynamically allocates resources using greedy optimization to maximize throughput and minimize costs.

Model Ensembling

25 minute read

Build production ensemble systems that combine multiple models using backtracking strategies to explore optimal combinations.

Clustering Systems

24 minute read

Design production clustering systems that group similar items using hash-based and distance-based approaches for recommendations, search, and analytics.

Event Stream Processing

19 minute read

Build production event stream processing systems that handle millions of events per second using windowing and temporal aggregation—applying the same interva...

Distributed Training Architecture

12 minute read

Design distributed training architectures that can efficiently process massive sequential datasets and train billion-parameter models across thousands of GPUs.

Data Augmentation Pipeline

11 minute read

Design a robust data augmentation pipeline that applies rich transformations to large-scale datasets without becoming the training bottleneck.

Experiment Tracking Systems

13 minute read

Design robust experiment tracking systems that enable systematic exploration, reproducibility, and collaboration across large ML teams.

Online Learning Systems

18 minute read

Design online learning systems that adapt models in real-time using greedy updates—the same adaptive decision-making pattern from Jump Game applied to stream...

Neural Architecture Search

18 minute read

Design neural architecture search systems that automatically discover optimal model architectures using dynamic programming and path optimization—the same pr...

Cost Optimization for ML

16 minute read

A comprehensive guide to FinOps for Machine Learning: reducing TCO without compromising accuracy or latency.

Beam Search Decoding

14 minute read

The industry-standard algorithm for converting probabilistic model outputs into coherent text sequences.

Tokenization Systems

16 minute read

The critical preprocessing step that defines the vocabulary and capabilities of Large Language Models.

Model Monitoring Systems

15 minute read

The silent killer of ML models is not a bug in the code, but a change in the world.

Model Architecture Design

23 minute read

Architecture is destiny. The difference between 50% accuracy and 90% accuracy is often just a skip connection.

Ranking Systems at Scale

23 minute read

How does Google search 50 billion pages in 0.1 seconds? The answer is the “Ranking Funnel”.

Knowledge Graph Systems

22 minute read

“Structuring the world’s information into connected entities and relationships.”

Feature Stores

14 minute read

“The centralized truth for machine learning features.”

Vector Databases

13 minute read

“The infrastructure for semantic search and AI-native applications.”

RAG Systems

11 minute read

“Grounding LLMs in facts, not hallucinations.”

publications

speech_tech

Streaming ASR Architecture

23 minute read

Why batch ASR won’t work for voice assistants, and how streaming models transcribe speech as you speak in under 200ms.

Speech Command Classification

28 minute read

How voice assistants recognize “turn on the lights” from raw audio in under 100ms without full ASR transcription.

Voice Activity Detection (VAD)

23 minute read

How voice assistants and video conferencing apps detect when you’re speaking vs silence, the critical first step in every speech pipeline.

Speaker Recognition & Verification

21 minute read

How voice assistants recognize who’s speaking, the biometric authentication powering “Hey Alexa” and personalized experiences.

Streaming Speech Processing Pipeline

24 minute read

Build real-time speech processing pipelines that handle audio streams with minimal latency for live transcription and voice interfaces.

Real-time Keyword Spotting

25 minute read

Build lightweight models that detect specific keywords in audio streams with minimal latency and power consumption for voice interfaces.

Voice Enhancement & Noise Reduction

27 minute read

Build systems that enhance voice quality by removing noise, improving intelligibility, and optimizing audio for speech applications.

Speech Separation

22 minute read

Separate overlapping speakers with 99%+ accuracy: Deep learning solves the cocktail party problem for meeting transcription and voice assistants.

Multi-Speaker ASR

25 minute read

Build production multi-speaker ASR systems: Combine speech recognition, speaker diarization, and overlap handling for real-world conversations.

Multi-model Speech Ensemble

23 minute read

Build production speech systems that combine multiple ASR/TTS models using backtracking-based selection strategies to achieve state-of-the-art accuracy.

Speaker Clustering (Diarization)

21 minute read

Build production speaker diarization systems that cluster audio segments by speaker using embedding-based similarity and hash-based grouping.

Real-time Audio Segmentation

20 minute read

Build production audio segmentation systems that detect boundaries in real-time using interval merging and temporal processing—the same principles from merge...

Distributed Speech Training

11 minute read

Design distributed training pipelines for large-scale speech models that efficiently handle hundreds of thousands of hours of sequential audio data.

Audio Augmentation Techniques

9 minute read

Use audio augmentation techniques to make speech models robust to noise, accents, channels, and real-world conditions—built on the same matrix/tensor transfo...

Speech Experiment Management

16 minute read

Design experiment management systems tailored for speech research—tracking audio data, models, metrics, and multi-dimensional experiments at scale.

Adaptive Speech Models

20 minute read

Design adaptive speech models that adjust in real-time to speakers, accents, noise, and domains—using the same greedy adaptation strategy as Jump Game and on...

Speech Architecture Search

17 minute read

Design neural architecture search systems for speech models that automatically discover optimal ASR/TTS architectures—using dynamic programming and path opti...

Cost-efficient Speech Systems

13 minute read

Strategies for building profitable speech recognition systems by optimizing the entire pipeline from signal processing to hardware.

ASR Beam Search Implementation

12 minute read

Implementing the core decoding logic of modern Speech Recognition systems, handling alignment, blanks, and language models.

Speech Tokenization

15 minute read

The breakthrough that allows us to treat audio like text, enabling GPT-style models for speech.

End-to-End Speech Model Design

23 minute read

Goodbye HMMs. Goodbye Phonemes. Goodbye Lexicons. We are teaching the machine to Listen, Attend, and Spell.

Voice Search Ranking

22 minute read

“Play Call Me Maybe”. Did you mean the song, the video, or the contact named ‘Maybe’?

Social Voice Networks

14 minute read

“Building recommendation and moderation systems for voice-based social platforms.”

Phonetic Search in Speech

10 minute read

“Finding ‘Jon’ when the user types ‘John’, or ‘Symphony’ when they say ‘Simfoni’.”

Speech Enhancement

13 minute read

“Extracting clear speech from the noise of the real world.”

statuses

November 2020

While it’s not a principle, I often think of the parable of the Taoist farmer. The Taoist farmer has one horse, and the horse runs off. The villagers lame...

December 2020

I am so firmly determined, however, to test the constancy of your mind that, drawing from the teachings of great men, I shall give you also a lesson: Set ...

January 2021

“A fit body, a calm mind, a house full of love. These things cannot be bought—they must be earned.”

February 2021

“If you ever want to have peace in your life, you have to move beyond good and evil.” “Nature has no concept of happiness or unhappiness. Nature follow...

March 2021

“Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body, ”- Richard Steele.

April 2021

Happiness is not a consumable product. It is not something you find by searching for it. It is a naturally arising byproduct of a fulfilling, well-lived l...

May 2021

When you care more about getting things right than being right, you get better outcomes and you save time and energy.

June 2021

The ceramics teacher announced on opening day that he was dividing the class into two groups. All those on the left side of the studio, he said, would be ...

July 2021

The best way to improve your ability to think is to spend time thinking. Most of us are too busy to think. We have too many meetings. Too many calls. Too ...

August 2021

We rarely do or say something intentionally that surprises us. That’s because we are in intimate contact with the noise in our heads–we spend our days loo...

September 2021

Nothing will change your future trajectory like your habits. While goals rely on extrinsic motivation, habits, once formed, are automatic. They literally ...

October 2021

“How we spend our time is how we spend our days. How we spend our days is how our life goes. How our life goes determines whether we thought it was worth ...

November 2021

While we tell ourselves that the next level is enough, it never is. The next zero in your bank account won’t satisfy you any more than you are now. The ne...

December 2021

“Expectation is the grandfather of disappointment. The world can never own a man who wants nothing.” — Aphorisms for Thirsty Fish

January 2022

One simple way to unlock your best self is to shape your environment so that your desired behavior is the path of least resistance.

February 2022

“The nature of illusion is that it’s designed to make you feel good. About yourself, about your country, about where you’re going – in that sense it funct...

March 2022

People are much more honest with their actions than their words.

April 2022

In turning education into a system of mass production we created a superbly democratic system that made the majority of people, and the world as a whole, ...

May 2022

“He who knows only his own side of the case, knows little of that.” — John Stuart Mill

July 2022

To improve your outcomes in life, respond to the world as it is, not as you wish it would be.

August 2022

Sturgeon’s law states that 90% of everything is crap. If you dislike poetry, or fine art, or anything, it’s possible you’ve only ever seen the crap. Go lo...

September 2022

“It’s time you realized that you have something in you more powerful and miraculous than the things that affect you and make you dance like a puppet.” — M...

October 2022

The person who is consistent outperforms the person who is intermittent every time. While inconsistent effort works for some things, for the things that r...

November 2022

“One day, you will wake up and there won’t be any more time to do the things you’ve always wanted. Do it now.” - Paulo Coelho

January 2023

New year, new me? Nah, I’m just going to keep on being fabulous and making mistakes like I always do 😜 Happy New Year everyone!

February 2023

Most people spend the first half of their lives collecting and the second half choosing what to keep. Which lessons learned and pieces of advice do you...

April 2023

A simple and easy approach to decision-making that prevents us from manipulating ourselves. First, understand the forces at play. Then, understand how you...

May 2023

Productivity is often a distraction. Don’t aim for better ways to get through your tasks as quickly as possib`le. Instead aim for better tasks that you ne...

June 2023

Are those things that keep you busy truly important in your life and career?

July 2023

Don’t define your identity by your beliefs. Define your identity by your willingness to learn.

August 2023

No one is thinking about you very much. So don’t worry about looking stupid or embarrassing yourself or whatever. No one cares.

February 2024

Those who cannot live in harmony with the world are fools though they may be highly educated.

March 2024

The work you do while you procrastinate is probably the work you should be doing for the rest of your life.

April 2024

“To travel means, ultimately, nothing more than coming back home a different person from the one who left.” — PICO IYER

May 2024

Try to define yourself by what you love and embrace, rather than what you hate and refuse.

July 2024

The price you pay for doing what everyone else does is getting what everyone else gets.